Scientific papers

• Faucher, A. 1988. The vocal repertoire of the St. Lawrence Estuary population of beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) and its behavioral, social and environmental contexts. M.Sc. thesis, Dalhousie University, Halifax.
• Lesage, V., C. Barrette, M. C. S. Kingsley and B. Sjare. 1999. The effect of vessel noise on the vocal behavior of belugas in the St. Lawrence river estuary, Canada. Marine Mammal Science 15 (1): 65-84.
  
  Abstract
  During June-July 1991, we monitored the vocal behavior of belugas before, during, and after exposure to noise from a small motorboat and a ferry to determine if there were any consistent patterns in their vocal behavior when exposed to these two familiar, but different sources of potential disturbance. Vocal responses were observed in all trials and were more persistent when whales were exposed to the ferry than to the small boat. These included (1) a progressive reduction in calling rate from 3.4-10.5 calls/whale/min to 0.0 or <1.0 calls/whale/min while vessels were approaching; (2) brief increases in the emission of falling tonal calls and the three pulsed-tone call types; (3) at distances <1 km, an increase in the repetition of specific calls, and (4) a shift in frequency bands used by vocalizing animals from a mean frequency of 3.6 kHz prior to exposure to noise to frequencies of 5.2-8.8 kHz when vessels were close to the whales.

• Turl, C. W., R. H. Penner and W. W. L. Au. 1987. Comparison of target detection capabilities of the beluga and bottlenose dolphin. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 82 (5): 1487-1491.
• Scheifele, P. M. 1997. Impacts of low-frequency noise on the auditory system of the beluga of the Saint Lawrence River Estuary. Ph.D. thesis, University of Connecticut.